The Earth

From the perspective we get on Earth, our planet appears to be big and sturdy with an endless ocean of air. From space, astronauts often get the impression that the Earth is small with a thin, fragile layer of atmosphere. For a space traveller, the distinguishing Earth features are the blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds set against a black background.

Many dream of travelling in space and viewing the wonders of the universe. In reality all of us are space travellers. Our spaceship is the planet Earth, travelling at the speed of 108,000 kilometres (67,000 miles) an hour.

Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun at a distance of about 150 million kilometres (93.2 million miles). It takes 365.256 days for the Earth to travel around the Sun and 23.9345 hours for the Earth rotate a complete revolution. It has a diameter of 12,756 kilometres (7,973 miles), only a few hundred kilometres larger than that of Venus. Our atmosphere is composed of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other constituents.Earth is the only planet in the solar system known to harbour life. Our planet's rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful radiation coming from the Sun and other stars. Earth's atmosphere protects us from meteors, most of which burn up before they can strike the surface.

From our journeys into space, we have learned much about our home planet. The first American satellite, Explorer 1, discovered an intense radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts. This layer is formed from rapidly moving charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field in a doughnut-shaped region surrounding the equator. Other findings from satellites show that our planet's magnetic field is distorted into a tear-drop shape by the solar wind. We also now know that our wispy upper atmosphere, once believed calm and uneventful, seethes with activity -- swelling by day and contracting by night. Affected by changes in solar activity, the upper atmosphere contributes to weather and climate on Earth.

Besides affecting Earth's weather, solar activity gives rise to a dramatic visual phenomenon in our atmosphere. When charged particles from the solar wind become trapped in Earth's magnetic field, they collide with air molecules above our planet's magnetic poles. These air molecules then begin to glow and are known as the auroras or the northern and southern lights.

Earth Statistics:

Time taken to orbit the Sun in Earth years: 1.00
Average orbital velocity in miles/second (km/sec): 18.5 (29.8)
Time taken to rotate on axis in Earth time: 23hr 56min
Tilt of axis to perpendicular of orbital plane: 23.45º
Average distance from Sun in astronomical units*: 1.00
Average distance from Sun in miles (km): 93 million (150 million)
Average surface temperature in degrees Celsius: +22ºC
Density relative to water: 5.5
Equatorial diameter relative to Earth diameter**: 1.00
Equatorial diameter in miles (km): 7500 (12,100)
Mass relative to Earth: 1.00
Escape velocity in miles/second (km/sec): 6.95 (11.18)
Number of known moons: 1
Number of known rings: 0